Efficacy of the positioning system when measuring canine intraocular pressures with the Reichert® Tono-Vera® Vet rebound tonometer.

OBJECTIVE: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements in dogs taken with the Reichert® Tono-Vera® Vet rebound tonometer with and without the automatic positioning system. ANIMALS STUDIED: Measurements were taken on 49 eyes from 26 Beagle-derived dogs with variable genetics-four non-glaucomatous and 22 ADAMTS10-mutant dogs affected with different stages of open-angle glaucoma. Seventeen of the 26 dogs were measured 2-4 times on different days with variable intervals since IOP-lowering medications were administered. PROCEDURES: In each dog, tonometry was performed with the Tono-Vera® Vet using three different methods in a randomized order: (Method 1) Average of three readings with an automatic positioning system; (Method 2) one reading with an automatic positioning system; and (Method 3) average of three readings obtained without the automatic positioning system. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA, Tukey pairwise comparisons, and Bland-Altman plots (MiniTab®). RESULTS: With each of the three tonometry methods, 116 measurements were taken, resulting in 348 total IOP measurements with a range of 12.8-49.9 mmHg. The means and standard deviations for each method were 25.4 ± 6.9 mmHg (Method 1), 26.0 ± 7.2 mmHg (Method 2), and 26.9 ± 7.7 mmHg (Method 3), with no significant differences (p = .27). Mean IOP variances were also not significantly different between tonometry methods (p = .24 to .78). CONCLUSIONS: Because mean IOPs and their standard deviations were not statistically different between the three tonometry methods, we conclude that Tono-Vera® Vet measurements conducted without the aid of the positioning system still provide reliable results.

Advanced modeling and optimizing for surface sterilization process of grape vine (Vitis vinifera) root stock 3309C through response surface, artificial neural network, and genetic algorithm techniques.

In vitro, sterilization is one of the key components for proceeding with plant tissue cultures. Since the effectiveness of sterilization has a direct impact on the culture's final outcomes, there is a crucial need for optimization of the sterilization process. However, compared with traditional optimizing methods, the use of computational approaches through artificial intelligence-based process modeling and optimization algorithms provides a precise optimal condition for in vitro culturing. This study aimed to optimise in vitro sterilization of grape rootstock 3309C using RSM, ANN, and genetic algorithm (GA) techniques. In this context, two output responses, namely, Clean Culture and Explant Viability, were optimised using the models developed by RSM and ANN, followed by a GA, to obtain a globally optimal solution. The most influential independent factors, such as HgCl2, NaOCl, AgNO3, and immersion time, were considered input variables. The significance of the developed models was investigated with statistical and non-statistical techniques and was optimised to determine the significance of selected inputs. The optimal clean culture of 91%, and the explant viability of 89% can be obtained from 1.62% NaOCl at a 13.96 min immersion time, according to MLP-NSGAII. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the clean culture and explant viability were less sensitive to AgNO3 and more sensitive to immersion time. Results showed that the differences between the GA predicted and validation data were significant after the performance validation of predicted and optimised sterilising agents with immersion time combinations were tested. In general, GA, a potent methodology, may open the door to the development of new computational methods in plant tissue culture.

Comparison of three rebound tonometers in normal and glaucomatous dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study were to compare intraocular pressure (IOP) readings across a wide range and obtained via three rebound tonometers in ADAMTS10-mutant Beagle-derived dogs with different stages of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and normal control dogs and to investigate the effect of central corneal thickness (CCT). ANIMALS STUDIED: Measurements were performed on 99 eyes from 50 Beagle-derived dogs with variable genetics-16 non-glaucomatous and 34 with ADAMTS10-OAG. Seventeen OAG eyes were measured twice-with and without the use of IOP-lowering medications. PROCEDURES: IOP was measured in each eye using three tonometers with their "dog" setting-ICare® Tonovet (TV), ICare® Tonovet Plus® (TVP), and the novel Reichert® Tono-Vera® Vet (TVA)-in randomized order. CCT was measured with the Accutome® PachPen. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA, Tukey pairwise comparisons, and regression analyses of tonometer readings and pairwise IOP-CCT Pearson correlations (MiniTab®). RESULTS: A total of 116 IOP measurements were taken with each of the three tonometers. When comparing readings over a range of ~7-77 mmHg, mean IOPs from the TV were significantly lower compared with TVP (-4.6 mmHg, p < .001) and TVA (-3.7 mmHg, p = .001). We found no significant differences between TVA and TVP measurements (p = .695). There was a moderate positive correlation between CCT and IOP for TVA (r = 0.53, p < .001), TVP (r = 0.48, p < .001), and TV (r = 0.47, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate strong agreement between TVP and TVA, suggesting that the TVA may similarly reflect true IOP values in canines. CCT influenced IOP measurements of all three tonometers.

Antidiabetic Effect of Tamarindus indica and Momordica charantia and Downregulation of TET-1 Gene Expression by Saroglitazar in Glucose Feed Adipocytes and Their Involvement in the Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Inflammation In Vitro.

To date, there is no satisfactory and effective therapy available to cure type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This present work is focused on plant extracts and the effect of saroglitazar and TET genes on oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro adipocytes. Aqueous extracts of Tamarindus indica and Momordica charantia seed have shown potent antidiabetic activity that decreases glucose levels in diabetic adipocytes. After seven and fourteen days, the sugar level in the blood was significantly reduced when plant extracts were supplemented. Lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TGL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) showed a highly significant change as expected in adipocytes treated with glucose compared with controlled adipocytes (P < 0.001). Gene expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD1, SOD2), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are changed twice, thrice, and quadruplet, respectively. The level of interleukin-1 (IL1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was restored but the interleukin-6 (IL6) and ten-eleven-translocation-1 (TET1) were completely knocked down by the use of saroglitazar. In comparison with the diabetic group, this supplementation significantly increased glycogen content and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. In the extract supplemented group, glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose-oxidizing enzyme, and glucose-phosphorylating enzyme activities were significantly reduced. After seven days of extract supplementation, these parameters were not resettled to a controlled level; however, after 14 days of supplementation, all parameters were restored to the control level. In addition to altering gene expression, TET enzymes may contribute to altered adiposity and its metabolic consequences. The purpose of this study is to examine new ideas and approaches for treating obesity, T2DM, and other associated metabolic disorders.

Unlocking the inherent potential of plant genetic resources: food security and climate adaptation strategy in Fiji and the Pacific.

Pacific Island Countries (PICs) are the center of origin and diversity for several root, fruit and nut crops, which are indispensable for food security, rural livelihoods, and cultural identity of local communities. However, declining genetic diversity of traditional food crops and high vulnerability to climate change are major impediments for maintaining agricultural productivity. Limited initiatives to achieve food self-sufficiency and utilization of Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) for enhancing resilience of agro-ecosystems are other serious constraints. This review focuses on the visible and anticipated impacts of climate ge, on major food and tree crops in agriculture and agroforestry systems in the PICs. We argue that crop improvement through plant breeding is a viable strategy to enhance food security and climatic resilience in the region. The exploitation of adaptive traits: abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, yield and nutritional efficiency, is imperative in a world threatened by climatic extremes. However, the insular constraints of Fiji and other small PICs are major limitations for the utilization of PGR through high throughput techniques which are also cost prohibitive. Crop Improvement programs should instead focus on the identification, conservation, documentation and dissemination of information on unique landraces, community seed banks, introduction of new resistant genotypes, and sustaining and enhancing allelic diversity.